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A spare disk is an extra disk on the machine. When a drive dies, the server writes that drive's information back onto the spare and puts the array back together on its own.
It can only write back what still exists. In RAID 1 it copies the surviving disk. In RAID 5 and 6 it recreates the lost drive from the data and parity on the others.
A spare is not redundancy by itself. On a disk with no RAID, or in RAID 0, the lost blocks exist nowhere else, so there is nothing to put on the spare. The same is true when more drives fail than the level can lose.
A machine can hold several spares, each declared to take over any disk that fails.
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